Monday, May 11, 2009
Glosario diverso
Acclaim
sustantivo aclamación o alabar. Meet with acclaim "ser alabado or aclamado"
Able
adjetivo capaz, hábil; I wasn't able to see/hear no conseguí o pude ver/escuchar
aboard
adverbio a bordo; be aboard estar a bordo; go aboard subir a bordo
abreast
adverbio de frente, en fondo; keep abreast of mantenerse al tanto de
absolutely
adverbio absolutamente, completamente; absolutely not! ¡en absoluto!; do you agree? - absolutely! ¿estás de acuerdo? - ¡completamente!
account
financial cuenta femenino ; (report, description) relato masculino , descripción femenino ; informática cuenta femenino ; give an account of relatar, describir; on no account de ninguna manera, bajo ningún concepto; on account of a causa de; take something into account, take account of something tener algo en cuenta, tener en cuenta algo
accountable
adjetivo responsable (to ante); be held accountable ser considerado responsable
acknowledgement
reconocimento masculino ; of a letter acuse masculino de recibo
addition
matemáticas suma femenino ; to list, company etc incorporación femenino ; of new drive etc instalación femenino ; in addition además; in addition to además de
alike
adjetivo be alike parecerse 2. adverbio igual; old and young alike viejos y jóvenes sin distinción
allowance
(money) asignación femenino ; (pocket money) paga femenino ; make allowances for weather etc tener en cuenta; for person disculpar
any
1. adjetivo are there any diskettes/glasses? ¿hay disquetes/vasos?; is there any bread/improvement? ¿hay algo de pan/alguna mejora?; there aren't any diskettes/glasses no hay disquetes/vasos; there isn't any bread/improvement no hay pan/ninguna mejora; have you any idea at all? ¿tienes alguna idea?; any one of them could win cualquiera de ellos podría ganar 2. pronombre alguno(-a); do you have any? ¿tienes alguno(s)?; there aren't any left no queda ninguno; there isn't any left no queda; any of them could be guilty cualquiera de ellos podría ser culpable 3. adverbio is that any better/easier? ¿es mejor/más fácil así?; I don't like it any more ya no me gusta
appeal
1. sustantivo (charm) atractivo masculino ; for funds etc llamamiento masculino ; jurisprudencia apelación femenino 2. verbo intransitivo jurisprudencia apelar 3. verbo transitivo appeal for solicitar; appeal to (be attractive to) atraer a
appreciate
1. verbo transitivo (value) apreciar; (be grateful for) agradecer; (acknowledge) ser consciente de; thanks, I appreciate it te lo agradezco 2. verbo intransitivo finanzas revalorizarse
arrangement
(plan) plan masculino , preparativo masculino ; (agreement) acuerdo masculino ; (layout: of furniture etc) orden masculino , disposición femenino ; of flowers, music arreglo masculino ; I've made arrangements for the neighbors to water my plants he quedado con los vecinos para que rieguen mis plantas
assistant manager
of business subdirector(a) masculino(femenino) ; of hotel, restaurant, store subdirector(a) masculino(femenino) , subgerente masculino y femenino
attract
verbo transitivo atraer; attract attention llamar la atención; attract someone's attention atraer la atención de alguien; be attracted to someone sentirse atraído por alguien
avail
1. sustantivo to no avail en vano 2. verbo transitivo avail oneself of aprovechar
average
1. adjetivo medio; (of mediocre quality) regular 2. sustantivo promedio masculino , media femenino ; above/below average por encima/por debajo del promedio; on average como promedio, de media 3. verbo transitivo I average six hours of sleep a night duermo seis horas cada noche como promedio or de media
aware
adjetivo be aware of something ser consciente de algo; become aware of something darse cuenta de algo
away
adverbio look away mirar hacia otra parte; I'll be away until ... traveling voy a estar fuera hasta ...; sick no voy a ir hasta ...; it's 2 miles away está a 2 millas; Christmas is still six weeks away todavía quedan seis semanas para Navidad; take something away from someone quitar algo a alguien; put something away guardar algo
awkward
adjetivo (clumsy) torpe; (difficult) difícil; (embarrassing) embarazoso; feel awkward sentirse incómodo
back up
1. verbo transitivo (support) respaldar; file hacer una copia de seguridad de; traffic was backed up all the way to ... el atasco llegaba hasta ... 2. verbo intransitivo in car dar marcha atrás; of drains atascarse
backbone
anatomía columna femenino vertebral, espina femenino dorsal; (figurado courage) agallas femenino plural ; (figurado mainstay) columna femenino vertebral
backyard
jardín masculino trasero; in someone's backyard figurado en la misma puerta de alguien
baffle
verbo transitivo confundir, desconcertar; be baffled estar confundido or desconcertado; I'm baffled why she left no consigo entender por qué se fue
ballot
1. sustantivo voto masculino 2. verbo transitivo members consultar por votación
ballpark
(baseball) campo masculino de béisbol; you're in the right ballpark coloquial no vas descaminado
ban
1. sustantivo prohibición femenino 2. verbo transitivo (pretérito y participio pasado banned) prohibir; ban someone from doing something prohibir a alguien que haga algo
bang
1. sustantivo noise estruendo masculino , estrépito masculino ; (blow) golpe masculino ; the door closed with a bang la puerta se cerró de un portazo 2. verbo transitivo door cerrar de un portazo; (hit) golpear; bang oneself on the head golpearse la cabeza 3. verbo intransitivo dar golpes; the door banged shut la puerta se cerró de un portazo
bargain
1. sustantivo (deal) trato masculino ; (good buy) ganga femenino ; into the bargain además 2. verbo intransitivo regatear, negociar
barmaid
británico camarera femenino , Latinoamérica mesera femenino , Río de la Plata moza femenino
basis
(plural bases ) base femenino ; on the basis of what you've told me de acuerdo con lo que me has dicho
bean
judía femenino , alubia femenino , Latinoamérica frijol masculino , Sudamérica poroto masculino ; green beans judías femenino plural verdes, México ejotes masculino plural , Sudamérica porotos masculino plural verdes; coffee beans granos masculino plural de café; be full of beans coloquial estar lleno de vitalidad
bearing
in machine rodamiento masculino , cojinete masculino ; that has no bearing on the case eso no tiene nada que ver con el caso
beat
1. sustantivo of heart latido masculino ; of music ritmo masculino 2. verbo intransitivo (pretérito beat, participio pasado beaten) of heart latir; of rain golpear; beat about the bush andarse por las ramas 3. verbo transitivo (pretérito beat, participio pasado beaten) in competition derrotar, ganar a; (hit) pegar a; (pound) golpear; it beats me no logro entender
become
verbo intransitivo (pretérito became, participio pasado become) hacerse, volverse; it became clear that ... quedó claro que ...; he became a priest se hizo sacerdote; she's becoming very forgetful cada vez es más olvidadiza; what's become of her? ¿qué fue de ella?
beef
1. sustantivo carne femenino de vaca or vacuna; coloquial (complaint) queja femenino 2. verbo intransitivo coloquial (complain) quejarse
beep
1. sustantivo pitido masculino 2. verbo intransitivo pitar 3. verbo transitivo (call on pager) llamar con el buscapersonas
before
1. preposición (time) antes de; (space, order) antes de, delante de 2. adverbio antes; I've seen this movie before ya he visto esta película; have you been to Japan before? ¿habías estado antes or ya en Japón?; the week/day before la semana/el día anterior 3. conjunción antes (de) que; before he arrives antes de que él llegue; (rather than) I would choose this book before that preferiría este libro antes que ése
beg
1. verbo intransitivo (pretérito y participio pasado begged) mendigar, pedir 2. verbo transitivo (pretérito y participio pasado begged): beg someone to something rogar or suplicar a alguien que haga algo
begrudge
verbo transitivo (envy) envidiar; (give reluctantly) dar a regañadientes
behave
verbo intransitivo comportarse, portarse; behave (oneself) comportarse or portarse bien; behave (yourself)! ¡pórtate bien!
belong
verbo intransitivo where does this belong? ¿dónde va esto?; I don't belong here no encajo aquí
beneath
1. preposición debajo de; she thinks a job like that is beneath her cree que un trabajo como ése le supondría rebajarse 2. adverbio abajo
bereaved
1. adjetivo the bereaved parents los padres del difunto 2. sustantivo the bereaved los familiares del difunto
berth
on ship litera femenino ; on train camarote masculino ; for ship amarradero masculino ; give someone a wide berth evitar a alguien
beseech
verbo transitivo beseech someone to do something suplicar a alguien que haga algo
beside
preposición al lado de, junto a; be beside oneself estar fuera de sí; that's beside the point eso no tiene nada que ver
bet
1. sustantivo apuesta femenino ; place a bet hacer una apuesta 2. verbo intransitivo also figurado apostar; I bet he doesn't come apuesto a que no viene; you bet! ¡ya lo creo!
bid
1. sustantivo at auction puja femenino ; (attempt) intento masculino 2. verbo intransitivo (pretérito y participio pasado bid) at auction pujar
bill
1. sustantivo for gas, electricity factura femenino , recibo masculino ; británico in hotel, restaurant cuenta femenino ; (money) billete masculino ; política proyecto masculino de ley; (poster) cartel masculino 2. verbo transitivo (invoice) enviar la factura a
bind
verbo transitivo (pretérito y participio pasado bound) (connect) unir; (tie) atar; (jurisprudencia oblige) obligar
bird's eye view
vista femenino panorámica; get a bird's eye view of something ver algo a vista de pájaro
bit (1)
sustantivo (piece) trozo masculino ; (part) parte femenino ; of puzzle pieza femenino ; informática bit masculino ; a bit (a little) un poco; let's sit down for a bit sentémonos un rato; you haven't changed a bit no has cambiado nada; a bit of (a little) un poco de; a bit of news una noticia; a bit of advice un consejo; bit by bit poco a poco; I'll be there in a bit estaré allí dentro de un rato
bite
1. sustantivo of dog mordisco masculino ; of spider, mosquito picadura femenino ; of snake mordedura femenino , picadura femenino ; of food bocado masculino ; let's have a bite (to eat) vamos a comer algo 2. verbo transitivo (pretérito bit, participio pasado bitten) of dog morder; of mosquito, flea picar; of snake picar, morder; bite one's nails morderse las uñas 3. verbo intransitivo (pretérito bit, participio pasado bitten) of dog morder; of mosquito, flea picar; of snake morder, picar; of fish picar
bitterly
adverbio resent amargamente; it's bitterly cold hace un frío helador
blackmail
1. sustantivo chantaje masculino ; emotional blackmail chantaje masculino emocional 2. verbo transitivo chantajear
blame
1. sustantivo culpa femenino ; I got the blame for it me echaron la culpa 2. verbo transitivo culpar; blame someone for something culpar a alguien de algo
blaze
1. sustantivo (fire) incendio masculino ; a blaze of color una explosión de color 2. verbo intransitivo of fire arder
bleach
1. sustantivo for clothes lejía femenino ; for hair decolorante masculino 2. verbo transitivo hair aclarar, desteñir
bleak
adjetivo countryside inhóspito; weather desapacible; future desolador
bleed
1. verbo intransitivo (pretérito y participio pasado bled) sangrar; he's bleeding internally tiene una hemorragia interna; bleed to death desangrarse 2. verbo transitivo (pretérito y participio pasado bled) figurado sangrar
bleep
1. sustantivo pitido masculino 2. verbo intransitivo pitar 3. verbo transitivo (call on pager) llamar al buscapersonas
blend in
1. verbo intransitivo of person in environment pasar desapercibido; of animal with surroundings etc confundirse; of furniture etc combinar 2. verbo transitivo in cooking añadir
bless
verbo transitivo bendecir; (God) bless you! ¡que Dios te bendiga!; in response to sneeze ¡Jesús!; be blessed with tener la suerte de
blind
1. adjetivo ciego; corner sin visibilidad; be blind to something figurado no ver algo 2. sustantivo plural the blind los ciegos, los invidentes 3. verbo transitivo of sun cegar; she was blinded in an accident se quedó ciega a raíz de un accidente; love blinded her to his faults el amor le impedía ver sus defectos
blindfold
1. sustantivo venda femenino 2. verbo transitivo vendar los ojos a 3. adverbio con los ojos cerrados
blip
on radar screen señal femenino , luz femenino ; it's just a blip figurado es algo momentáneo
blister
1. sustantivo ampolla femenino 2. verbo intransitivo ampollarse; of paint hacer burbujas
block
1. sustantivo bloque masculino ; buildings manzana femenino , Latinoamérica cuadra femenino ; of shares paquete masculino ; (blockage) bloqueo masculino 2. verbo transitivo bloquear; sink atascar
bloom
1. sustantivo flor femenino ; in bloom en flor 2. verbo intransitivo also figurado florecer
blot
1. sustantivo mancha femenino , borrón masculino ; be a blot on the landscape estropear el paisaje 2. verbo transitivo (pretérito y participio pasado blotted) (dry) secar
blow (2)
1. verbo transitivo (pretérito blew, participio pasado blown) smoke exhalar; whistle tocar; coloquial (spend) fundir coloquial opportunity perder, desaprovechar; blow one's nose sonarse (la nariz) 2. verbo intransitivo (pretérito blew, participio pasado blown) of wind, person soplar; of whistle sonar; of fuse fundirse; of tire reventarse
blunder
1. sustantivo error masculino de bulto, metedura femenino de pata 2. verbo intransitivo cometer un error de bulto, meter la pata
board
1. sustantivo tablón masculino , tabla femenino ; for game tablero masculino ; for notices tablón masculino ; board (of directors) consejo masculino de administración; on board on plane, boat, train a bordo; take on board comments etc aceptar, tener en cuenta; (fully realize truth of) asumir; across the board de forma general 2. verbo transitivo airplane etc embarcar; train subir a 3. verbo intransitivo of passengers embarcar; board with as lodger hospedarse con
bottleneck
sustantivo in road embotellamiento masculino , atasco masculino ; in production cuello masculino de botella
buddy
coloquial amigo(-a) masculino(femenino) , español colega masculino y femenino coloquial form of address español colega masculino y femenino coloquial Latinoamérica compadre masculino y femenino coloquial
calibre
británico of gun calibre masculino ; a man of his calibre un hombre de su calibre
caller
on phone persona femenino que llama; (visitor) visitante masculino y femenino
camp
1. sustantivo campamento masculino ; make camp acampar; refugee camp campo masculino de refugiados 2. verbo intransitivo acampar
campaigner
defensor(a) masculino(femenino) (for de); a campaigner against racism una persona que hace campaña contra el racismo
can (2)
1. sustantivo for drinks etc lata femenino 2. verbo transitivo (pretérito y participio pasado canned) enlatar
candidate
for position candidato(-a) masculino(femenino) ; in exam candidato(-a) masculino(femenino) , examinando(-a) masculino(femenino)
careless
adjetivo descuidado; you are so careless! ¡qué descuidado eres!
carousel
at airport cinta femenino transportadora de equipajes; for slide projector carro masculino ; (merry-go-round) tiovivo masculino
carpool
sustantivo acuerdo para compartir el vehículo entre varias personas que trabajan en el mismo sitio
carry
1. verbo transitivo (pretérito y participio pasado carried) of person llevar; disease ser portador de; of ship, plane, bus etc transportar; proposal aprobar; get carried away dejarse llevar por la emoción, emocionarse 2. verbo intransitivo (pretérito y participio pasado carried) of sound oírse
carry on
1. verbo intransitivo (continue) seguir, continuar; (make a fuss) organizar un escándalo; (have an affair) tener un lío 2. verbo transitivo (conduct) mantener; business efectuar
cash flow
flujo masculino de caja, cash-flow masculino ; cash flow problems problemas femenino plural de liquidez
casserole
sustantivo meal guiso masculino ; container cacerola femenino , cazuela femenino
catch up on
verbo transitivo catch up on one's sleep recuperar sueño; there's a lot of work to catch up on hay mucho trabajo atrasado
chain-smoke
verbo intransitivo fumar un cigarrillo tras otro, fumar como un carretero
chair
1. sustantivo silla femenino ; (armchair) sillón masculino ; at university cátedra femenino ; the chair (electric chair) la silla eléctrica; at meeting la presidencia; go to the chair ser ejecutado en la silla eléctrica; take the chair ocupar la presidencia 2. verbo transitivo meeting presidir
champion
1. sustantivo deporte campeón(-ona) masculino(femenino) ; of cause abanderado (-a) masculino(femenino) 2. verbo transitivo (cause) abanderar
Chancellor
in Germany canciller masculino ; Chancellor (of the Exchequer) in Britain Ministro(-a) masculino(femenino) de Hacienda
chatter
1. sustantivo cháchara femenino 2. verbo intransitivo talk parlotear; of teeth castañetear
cheat
1. sustantivo (person) tramposo(-a) masculino(femenino) 2. verbo transitivo engañar; cheat someone out of something estafar algo a alguien 3. verbo intransitivo in exam copiar; in cards etc hacer trampa; cheat on one's wife engañar a la esposa
checkbook
Estados Unidos talonario masculino de cheques, Latinoamérica chequera femenino
chronological
adjetivo cronológico; in chronological order en orden cronológico
chunky
adjetivo sweater grueso; person, build cuadrado, fornido
clued-up
adjetivo coloquial puesto coloquial be clued-up on something coloquial estar puesto sobre algo coloquial
desegregate
verbo transitivo acabar con la segregación racial en
desertion
(abandonment) abandono masculino ; milicia deserción femenino
desire
sustantivo deseo masculino ; I have no desire to see him no me apetece verle
despair
1. sustantivo desesperación femenino ; in despair desesperado 2. verbo intransitivo desesperarse; I despair of finding something to wear he perdido la esperanza de encontrar algo para ponerme
deter
verbo transitivo (pretérito y participio pasado deterred) disuadir; deter someone from doing something disuadir a alguien de hacer algo
deterioration
deterioro masculino ; of weather empeoramiento masculino
deterrent
sustantivo elemento masculino disuasorio; act as a deterrent actuar como elemento disuasorio; nuclear deterrent disuasión femenino nuclear
detonate
1. verbo transitivo hacer detonar or explotar 2. verbo intransitivo detonar, explotar
detract from
verbo transitivo achievement quitar méritos a; beauty quitar atractivo a; the bad weather didn't detract from their enjoyment el mal tiempo no impidió que disfrutaran
devastate
verbo transitivo crops, countryside, city devastar; figurado person asolar
develop
1. verbo transitivo film revelar; land, site urbanizar; activity, business desarrollar; (originate) desarrollar; (improve on) perfeccionar; illness, cold contraer 2. verbo intransitivo (grow) desarrollarse; develop into convertirse en
dial
1. sustantivo of clock esfera femenino ; of instrument cuadrante masculino ; telecomunicaciones disco masculino 2. verbo transitivo y verbo intransitivo (pretérito y participio pasado dialed, británico dialled) telecomunicaciones marcar
differentiate
verbo intransitivo diferenciar, distinguir (between entre); differentiate between treat differently establecer diferencias entre
dim
1. adjetivo room oscuro; light tenue; outline borroso, confuso; (stupid) tonto; prospects remoto 2. verbo transitivo (pretérito y participio pasado dimmed): atenuar; dim the headlights poner las luces cortas 3. verbo intransitivo (pretérito y participio pasado dimmed) of lights atenuarse
direction
dirección femenino ; directions to a place indicaciones femenino plural ; (instructions) instrucciones femenino plural ; for medicine posología femenino ; let's ask for directions preguntemos cómo se va; directions for use modo masculino de empleo
disagree with
verbo transitivo of person no estar de acuerdo con, discrepar con; of food sentar mal; lobster disagrees with me la langosta me sienta mal
discouragement
disuasión femenino ; (being disheartened) desánimo masculino , desaliento masculino
disgrace
1. sustantivo vergüenza femenino ; it's a disgrace! ¡qué vergüenza!; in disgrace desacreditado 2. verbo transitivo deshonrar
disgust
1. sustantivo asco masculino , repugnancia femenino ; in disgust asqueado 2. verbo transitivo dar asco, repugnar; I'm disgusted by ... me da asco or me repugna ...
dislike
1. sustantivo antipatía femenino 2. verbo transitivo she dislikes being kept waiting no le gusta que la hagan esperar; I dislike him no me gusta
disposal
eliminación femenino ; I am at your disposal estoy a su disposición; put something at someone's disposal poner algo a disposición de alguien
disruption
of train service alteración femenino ; of meeting, class interrupción femenino
disturb
verbo transitivo (interrupt) molestar; (upset) preocupar; do not disturb no molestar
drain
1. sustantivo pipe sumidero masculino , desagüe masculino ; under street alcantarilla femenino ; a drain on resources una sangría en los recursos 2. verbo transitivo water, vegetables escurrir; land drenar; glass, tank, oil vaciar; person agotar 3. verbo intransitivo of dishes escurrir
drill
1. sustantivo tool taladro masculino ; exercise simulacro masculino ; milicia instrucción femenino 2. verbo transitivo hole taladrar, perforar 3. verbo intransitivo for oil hacer perforaciones; milicia entrenarse
exhaust
1. sustantivo fumes gases masculino plural de la combustión; pipe tubo masculino de escape 2. verbo transitivo (tire) cansar; (use up) agotar
failure
fracaso masculino ; in exam suspenso masculino ; I feel such a failure me siento un fracasado
fancy
1. adjetivo (luxurious) de lujo; (complicated) sofisticado 2. sustantivo as the fancy takes you como te apetezca; take a fancy to someone encapricharse de alguien 3. verbo transitivo (pretérito y participio pasado fancied): do you fancy an ice cream? ¿te apetece un helado?
fit in
1. verbo intransitivo of person in group encajar; it fits in with our plans encaja con nuestros planes 2. verbo transitivo fit someone in into schedule etc hacer un hueco a alguien
fussy
adjetivo person quisquilloso; design etc recargado; be a fussy eater ser un quisquilloso a la hora de comer
gag
1. sustantivo over mouth mordaza femenino ; (joke) chiste masculino 2. verbo transitivo (pretérito y participio pasado gagged) also figurado amordazar
get off
1. verbo intransitivo from bus etc bajarse; (finish work) salir; (not be punished) librarse 2. verbo transitivo (remove) quitar; clothes, hat, footgear quitarse; get off my bike! ¡bájate de mi bici!; get off the grass! ¡no pises la hierba!
give up
1. verbo transitivo smoking etc dejar de; give oneself up to the police entregarse a la policía 2. verbo intransitivo (stop making effort) rendirse; I find it hard to give up me cuesta mucho dejarlo
hearing
oído masculino ; jurisprudencia vista femenino ; his hearing is not so good now ahora ya no oye tan bien; she was within hearing/out of hearing estaba/no estaba lo suficientemente cerca como para oírlo
hitman
asesino masculino a sueldo
hurry up
1. verbo intransitivo darse prisa; hurry up! ¡date prisa! 2. verbo transitivo meter prisa a
ice cream
helado masculino
ice skate
patín masculino de cuchilla
ID
abreviatura (= identity) documentación femenino ; have you got any ID on you? ¿lleva algún tipo de documentación?
idle
1. adjetivo not working desocupado; (lazy) vago; threat vano; machinery inactivo; in an idle moment en un momento libre 2. verbo intransitivo of engine funcionar al ralentí
ignition
in car encendido masculino ; ignition key llave masculino de contacto
imperative
1. adjetivo imprescindible 2. sustantivo gramática imperativo masculino
incapable
] adjetivo incapaz; be incapable of doing something ser incapaz de hacer algo
incorporated
adjetivo comercio ABC Incorporated ABC, sociedad femenino anónima
indifferent
adjetivo indiferente; (mediocre) mediocre; are you totally indifferent to the way I feel? ¿no te importa lo más mínimo lo que sienta yo?
input
1. sustantivo into project etc contribución femenino , aportación femenino ; informática entrada femenino 2. verbo transitivo (pretérito y participio pasado inputted or input) into project contribuir, aportar; informática introducir
intention
intención femenino ; I have no intention of ... (refuse to) no tengo intención de ...
intrigue
1. sustantivo intriga femenino 2. verbo transitivo intrigar; I would be intrigued to know ... tendría curiosidad por saber ...
ISP
abreviatura (= Internet service provider) proveedor masculino de (acceso a) Internet
javelin
(spear) jabalina femenino ; event (lanzamiento masculino de) jabalina femenino
jealously
adverbio celosamente; relating to possessions con envidia
jiffy
coloquial segundo masculino , momento masculino ; in a jiffy en un periquete coloquial
join
1. sustantivo juntura femenino 2. verbo intransitivo of roads, rivers juntarse; (become a member) hacerse socio 3. verbo transitivo (connect) unir; person unirse a; club hacerse socio de; (go to work for) entrar en; of road desembocar en; I'll join you at the theater me reuniré contigo en el teatro
joint
1. sustantivo anatomía articulación femenino ; in woodwork junta femenino ; of meat pieza femenino ; coloquial (place) garito masculino coloquial 2. adjetivo (shared) conjunto
judgement
jurisprudencia fallo masculino ; (opinion) juicio masculino ; an error of judgment una equivocación; he showed good judgment mostró tener criterio; against my better judgment a pesar de no estar convencido; the Last Judgment religión el Juicio Final
jumpy
adjetivo nervioso; get jumpy ponerse nervioso
just
1. adjetivo law, cause justo 2. adverbio (barely) justo; (exactly) justo, justamente; (only) sólo, solamente; have just done something acabar de hacer algo; I've just seen her la acabo de ver; just about (almost) casi; I was just about to leave when ... estaba a punto de salir cuando ...; just like that (abruptly) de repente; just now (at the moment) ahora mismo; I saw her just now (a few moments ago) la acabo de ver; just you wait! ¡ya verás!; just be quiet! ¡cállate de una vez!
keep
1. sustantivo (maintenance) manutención femenino ; for keeps coloquial para siempre 2. verbo transitivo (pretérito y participio pasado kept) guardar; (not lose) conservar; (detain) entretener; family mantener; animals tener, criar; you can keep it (it's for you) te lo puedes quedar; keep trying! ¡sigue intentándolo!; don't keep interrupting! ¡deja de interrumpirme!; keep a promise cumplir una promesa; keep someone company hacer compañía a alguien; keep someone waiting hacer esperar a alguien; he can't keep anything to himself no sabe guardar un secreto; I kept the news of the accident to myself no dije nada sobre el accidente; keep something from someone ocultar algo a alguien; we kept the news from him no le contamos la noticia 3. verbo intransitivo (pretérito y participio pasado kept) of food, milk aguantar, conservarse; keep calm! ¡tranquilízate!; keep quiet! ¡cállate!
keep away
1. verbo intransitivo keep away from that building no te acerques a ese edificio 2. verbo transitivo keep the children away from the stove no dejes que los niños se acerquen a la cocina
killing
sustantivo asesinato masculino
knelt
pretérito y participio pasado ver kneel
know
1. verbo transitivo (pretérito knew, participio pasado known) fact, language, how to do something saber; person, place conocer; (recognize) reconocer; will you let him know that ...? ¿puedes decirle que ...? 2. verbo intransitivo (pretérito knew, participio pasado known) saber; I don't know no (lo) sé; yes, I know sí, lo sé 3. sustantivo people in the know los enterados
landlady
of bar patrona femenino ; of hostel etc dueña femenino ; of rented room casera femenino
late
1. adjetivo the bus is late again el autobús vuelve a llegar tarde; it's late es tarde; it's getting late se está haciendo tarde; of late últimamente, recientemente; the late 19th/20th century la última parte del siglo XIX/XX; in the late 19th/20th century a finales del siglo XIX/XX 2. adverbio arrive, leave tarde
learning curve
curva femenino de aprendizaje; be on the learning curve tener que aprender cosas nuevas
likelihood
probabilidad femenino ; in all likelihood con toda probabilidad
little
1. adjetivo pequeño; the little ones los pequeños 2. sustantivo poco masculino ; the little I know lo poco que sé; a little un poco; a little bread/wine un poco de pan/vino; a little is better than nothing más vale poco que nada 3. adverbio poco; little by little poco a poco; a little better/bigger un poco mejor/más grande; a little before 6 un poco antes de las 6
mainframe
español ordenador masculino central, Latinoamérica computadora femenino central
market
1. sustantivo mercado masculino ; (stock market) bolsa femenino ; on the market en el mercado 2. verbo transitivo comercializar
misinterpretation
mala interpretación femenino
misunderstand
verbo transitivo (pretérito y participio pasado misunderstood) entender mal
Norwegian
1. adjetivo noruego 2. sustantivo person noruego(-a) masculino(femenino) ; language noruego masculino
notice
1. sustantivo on bulletin board, in street cartel masculino , letrero masculino ; (advance warning) aviso masculino ; in newspaper anuncio masculino ; at short notice con poca antelación; until further notice hasta nuevo aviso; give someone his/her notice to quit job despedir a alguien; to leave house comunicar a alguien que tiene que abandonar la casa; hand in one's notice to employer presentar la dimisión; four weeks' notice cuatro semanas de preaviso; take notice of something observar algo, prestar atención a algo; take no notice of someone/something no hacer caso de alguien/algo 2. verbo transitivo notar, fijarse en
omit
verbo transitivo (pretérito y participio pasado omitted) omitir; omit to do something no hacer algo
operator
telecomunicaciones operador(a) masculino(femenino) ; of machine operario(-a) masculino(femenino) ; (tour operator) operador masculino turístico
overhead
1. adjetivo lights, railway elevado 2. sustantivo finanzas gastos masculino plural generales
overweight
adjetivo con sobrepeso; be overweight estar demasiado gordo
panic
1. sustantivo pánico masculino 2. verbo intransitivo (pretérito y participio pasado panicked) ser presa del pánico; don't panic ¡que no cunda el pánico!
parking lot
estacionamiento masculino , español aparcamiento masculino (al aire libre)
passive
1. adjetivo pasivo 2. sustantivo gramática (voz femenino ) pasiva femenino ; in the passive en pasiva
reward
1. sustantivo recompensa femenino 2. verbo transitivo financially recompensar
throttle
1. sustantivo on motorbike acelerador masculino ; on boat palanca femenino del gas; on motorbike mango masculino del gas 2. verbo transitivo (strangle) estrangular
unpack
1. verbo transitivo deshacer 2. verbo intransitivo deshacer el equipaje
vivid
adjetivo color vivo; memory, imagination vívido
zipper
cremallera femenino
sustantivo aclamación o alabar. Meet with acclaim "ser alabado or aclamado"
Able
adjetivo capaz, hábil; I wasn't able to see/hear no conseguí o pude ver/escuchar
aboard
adverbio a bordo; be aboard estar a bordo; go aboard subir a bordo
abreast
adverbio de frente, en fondo; keep abreast of mantenerse al tanto de
absolutely
adverbio absolutamente, completamente; absolutely not! ¡en absoluto!; do you agree? - absolutely! ¿estás de acuerdo? - ¡completamente!
account
financial cuenta femenino ; (report, description) relato masculino , descripción femenino ; informática cuenta femenino ; give an account of relatar, describir; on no account de ninguna manera, bajo ningún concepto; on account of a causa de; take something into account, take account of something tener algo en cuenta, tener en cuenta algo
accountable
adjetivo responsable (to ante); be held accountable ser considerado responsable
acknowledgement
reconocimento masculino ; of a letter acuse masculino de recibo
addition
matemáticas suma femenino ; to list, company etc incorporación femenino ; of new drive etc instalación femenino ; in addition además; in addition to además de
alike
adjetivo be alike parecerse 2. adverbio igual; old and young alike viejos y jóvenes sin distinción
allowance
(money) asignación femenino ; (pocket money) paga femenino ; make allowances for weather etc tener en cuenta; for person disculpar
any
1. adjetivo are there any diskettes/glasses? ¿hay disquetes/vasos?; is there any bread/improvement? ¿hay algo de pan/alguna mejora?; there aren't any diskettes/glasses no hay disquetes/vasos; there isn't any bread/improvement no hay pan/ninguna mejora; have you any idea at all? ¿tienes alguna idea?; any one of them could win cualquiera de ellos podría ganar 2. pronombre alguno(-a); do you have any? ¿tienes alguno(s)?; there aren't any left no queda ninguno; there isn't any left no queda; any of them could be guilty cualquiera de ellos podría ser culpable 3. adverbio is that any better/easier? ¿es mejor/más fácil así?; I don't like it any more ya no me gusta
appeal
1. sustantivo (charm) atractivo masculino ; for funds etc llamamiento masculino ; jurisprudencia apelación femenino 2. verbo intransitivo jurisprudencia apelar 3. verbo transitivo appeal for solicitar; appeal to (be attractive to) atraer a
appreciate
1. verbo transitivo (value) apreciar; (be grateful for) agradecer; (acknowledge) ser consciente de; thanks, I appreciate it te lo agradezco 2. verbo intransitivo finanzas revalorizarse
arrangement
(plan) plan masculino , preparativo masculino ; (agreement) acuerdo masculino ; (layout: of furniture etc) orden masculino , disposición femenino ; of flowers, music arreglo masculino ; I've made arrangements for the neighbors to water my plants he quedado con los vecinos para que rieguen mis plantas
assistant manager
of business subdirector(a) masculino(femenino) ; of hotel, restaurant, store subdirector(a) masculino(femenino) , subgerente masculino y femenino
attract
verbo transitivo atraer; attract attention llamar la atención; attract someone's attention atraer la atención de alguien; be attracted to someone sentirse atraído por alguien
avail
1. sustantivo to no avail en vano 2. verbo transitivo avail oneself of aprovechar
average
1. adjetivo medio; (of mediocre quality) regular 2. sustantivo promedio masculino , media femenino ; above/below average por encima/por debajo del promedio; on average como promedio, de media 3. verbo transitivo I average six hours of sleep a night duermo seis horas cada noche como promedio or de media
aware
adjetivo be aware of something ser consciente de algo; become aware of something darse cuenta de algo
away
adverbio look away mirar hacia otra parte; I'll be away until ... traveling voy a estar fuera hasta ...; sick no voy a ir hasta ...; it's 2 miles away está a 2 millas; Christmas is still six weeks away todavía quedan seis semanas para Navidad; take something away from someone quitar algo a alguien; put something away guardar algo
awkward
adjetivo (clumsy) torpe; (difficult) difícil; (embarrassing) embarazoso; feel awkward sentirse incómodo
back up
1. verbo transitivo (support) respaldar; file hacer una copia de seguridad de; traffic was backed up all the way to ... el atasco llegaba hasta ... 2. verbo intransitivo in car dar marcha atrás; of drains atascarse
backbone
anatomía columna femenino vertebral, espina femenino dorsal; (figurado courage) agallas femenino plural ; (figurado mainstay) columna femenino vertebral
backyard
jardín masculino trasero; in someone's backyard figurado en la misma puerta de alguien
baffle
verbo transitivo confundir, desconcertar; be baffled estar confundido or desconcertado; I'm baffled why she left no consigo entender por qué se fue
ballot
1. sustantivo voto masculino 2. verbo transitivo members consultar por votación
ballpark
(baseball) campo masculino de béisbol; you're in the right ballpark coloquial no vas descaminado
ban
1. sustantivo prohibición femenino 2. verbo transitivo (pretérito y participio pasado banned) prohibir; ban someone from doing something prohibir a alguien que haga algo
bang
1. sustantivo noise estruendo masculino , estrépito masculino ; (blow) golpe masculino ; the door closed with a bang la puerta se cerró de un portazo 2. verbo transitivo door cerrar de un portazo; (hit) golpear; bang oneself on the head golpearse la cabeza 3. verbo intransitivo dar golpes; the door banged shut la puerta se cerró de un portazo
bargain
1. sustantivo (deal) trato masculino ; (good buy) ganga femenino ; into the bargain además 2. verbo intransitivo regatear, negociar
barmaid
británico camarera femenino , Latinoamérica mesera femenino , Río de la Plata moza femenino
basis
(plural bases ) base femenino ; on the basis of what you've told me de acuerdo con lo que me has dicho
bean
judía femenino , alubia femenino , Latinoamérica frijol masculino , Sudamérica poroto masculino ; green beans judías femenino plural verdes, México ejotes masculino plural , Sudamérica porotos masculino plural verdes; coffee beans granos masculino plural de café; be full of beans coloquial estar lleno de vitalidad
bearing
in machine rodamiento masculino , cojinete masculino ; that has no bearing on the case eso no tiene nada que ver con el caso
beat
1. sustantivo of heart latido masculino ; of music ritmo masculino 2. verbo intransitivo (pretérito beat, participio pasado beaten) of heart latir; of rain golpear; beat about the bush andarse por las ramas 3. verbo transitivo (pretérito beat, participio pasado beaten) in competition derrotar, ganar a; (hit) pegar a; (pound) golpear; it beats me no logro entender
become
verbo intransitivo (pretérito became, participio pasado become) hacerse, volverse; it became clear that ... quedó claro que ...; he became a priest se hizo sacerdote; she's becoming very forgetful cada vez es más olvidadiza; what's become of her? ¿qué fue de ella?
beef
1. sustantivo carne femenino de vaca or vacuna; coloquial (complaint) queja femenino 2. verbo intransitivo coloquial (complain) quejarse
beep
1. sustantivo pitido masculino 2. verbo intransitivo pitar 3. verbo transitivo (call on pager) llamar con el buscapersonas
before
1. preposición (time) antes de; (space, order) antes de, delante de 2. adverbio antes; I've seen this movie before ya he visto esta película; have you been to Japan before? ¿habías estado antes or ya en Japón?; the week/day before la semana/el día anterior 3. conjunción antes (de) que; before he arrives antes de que él llegue; (rather than) I would choose this book before that preferiría este libro antes que ése
beg
1. verbo intransitivo (pretérito y participio pasado begged) mendigar, pedir 2. verbo transitivo (pretérito y participio pasado begged): beg someone to something rogar or suplicar a alguien que haga algo
begrudge
verbo transitivo (envy) envidiar; (give reluctantly) dar a regañadientes
behave
verbo intransitivo comportarse, portarse; behave (oneself) comportarse or portarse bien; behave (yourself)! ¡pórtate bien!
belong
verbo intransitivo where does this belong? ¿dónde va esto?; I don't belong here no encajo aquí
beneath
1. preposición debajo de; she thinks a job like that is beneath her cree que un trabajo como ése le supondría rebajarse 2. adverbio abajo
bereaved
1. adjetivo the bereaved parents los padres del difunto 2. sustantivo the bereaved los familiares del difunto
berth
on ship litera femenino ; on train camarote masculino ; for ship amarradero masculino ; give someone a wide berth evitar a alguien
beseech
verbo transitivo beseech someone to do something suplicar a alguien que haga algo
beside
preposición al lado de, junto a; be beside oneself estar fuera de sí; that's beside the point eso no tiene nada que ver
bet
1. sustantivo apuesta femenino ; place a bet hacer una apuesta 2. verbo intransitivo also figurado apostar; I bet he doesn't come apuesto a que no viene; you bet! ¡ya lo creo!
bid
1. sustantivo at auction puja femenino ; (attempt) intento masculino 2. verbo intransitivo (pretérito y participio pasado bid) at auction pujar
bill
1. sustantivo for gas, electricity factura femenino , recibo masculino ; británico in hotel, restaurant cuenta femenino ; (money) billete masculino ; política proyecto masculino de ley; (poster) cartel masculino 2. verbo transitivo (invoice) enviar la factura a
bind
verbo transitivo (pretérito y participio pasado bound) (connect) unir; (tie) atar; (jurisprudencia oblige) obligar
bird's eye view
vista femenino panorámica; get a bird's eye view of something ver algo a vista de pájaro
bit (1)
sustantivo (piece) trozo masculino ; (part) parte femenino ; of puzzle pieza femenino ; informática bit masculino ; a bit (a little) un poco; let's sit down for a bit sentémonos un rato; you haven't changed a bit no has cambiado nada; a bit of (a little) un poco de; a bit of news una noticia; a bit of advice un consejo; bit by bit poco a poco; I'll be there in a bit estaré allí dentro de un rato
bite
1. sustantivo of dog mordisco masculino ; of spider, mosquito picadura femenino ; of snake mordedura femenino , picadura femenino ; of food bocado masculino ; let's have a bite (to eat) vamos a comer algo 2. verbo transitivo (pretérito bit, participio pasado bitten) of dog morder; of mosquito, flea picar; of snake picar, morder; bite one's nails morderse las uñas 3. verbo intransitivo (pretérito bit, participio pasado bitten) of dog morder; of mosquito, flea picar; of snake morder, picar; of fish picar
bitterly
adverbio resent amargamente; it's bitterly cold hace un frío helador
blackmail
1. sustantivo chantaje masculino ; emotional blackmail chantaje masculino emocional 2. verbo transitivo chantajear
blame
1. sustantivo culpa femenino ; I got the blame for it me echaron la culpa 2. verbo transitivo culpar; blame someone for something culpar a alguien de algo
blaze
1. sustantivo (fire) incendio masculino ; a blaze of color una explosión de color 2. verbo intransitivo of fire arder
bleach
1. sustantivo for clothes lejía femenino ; for hair decolorante masculino 2. verbo transitivo hair aclarar, desteñir
bleak
adjetivo countryside inhóspito; weather desapacible; future desolador
bleed
1. verbo intransitivo (pretérito y participio pasado bled) sangrar; he's bleeding internally tiene una hemorragia interna; bleed to death desangrarse 2. verbo transitivo (pretérito y participio pasado bled) figurado sangrar
bleep
1. sustantivo pitido masculino 2. verbo intransitivo pitar 3. verbo transitivo (call on pager) llamar al buscapersonas
blend in
1. verbo intransitivo of person in environment pasar desapercibido; of animal with surroundings etc confundirse; of furniture etc combinar 2. verbo transitivo in cooking añadir
bless
verbo transitivo bendecir; (God) bless you! ¡que Dios te bendiga!; in response to sneeze ¡Jesús!; be blessed with tener la suerte de
blind
1. adjetivo ciego; corner sin visibilidad; be blind to something figurado no ver algo 2. sustantivo plural the blind los ciegos, los invidentes 3. verbo transitivo of sun cegar; she was blinded in an accident se quedó ciega a raíz de un accidente; love blinded her to his faults el amor le impedía ver sus defectos
blindfold
1. sustantivo venda femenino 2. verbo transitivo vendar los ojos a 3. adverbio con los ojos cerrados
blip
on radar screen señal femenino , luz femenino ; it's just a blip figurado es algo momentáneo
blister
1. sustantivo ampolla femenino 2. verbo intransitivo ampollarse; of paint hacer burbujas
block
1. sustantivo bloque masculino ; buildings manzana femenino , Latinoamérica cuadra femenino ; of shares paquete masculino ; (blockage) bloqueo masculino 2. verbo transitivo bloquear; sink atascar
bloom
1. sustantivo flor femenino ; in bloom en flor 2. verbo intransitivo also figurado florecer
blot
1. sustantivo mancha femenino , borrón masculino ; be a blot on the landscape estropear el paisaje 2. verbo transitivo (pretérito y participio pasado blotted) (dry) secar
blow (2)
1. verbo transitivo (pretérito blew, participio pasado blown) smoke exhalar; whistle tocar; coloquial (spend) fundir coloquial opportunity perder, desaprovechar; blow one's nose sonarse (la nariz) 2. verbo intransitivo (pretérito blew, participio pasado blown) of wind, person soplar; of whistle sonar; of fuse fundirse; of tire reventarse
blunder
1. sustantivo error masculino de bulto, metedura femenino de pata 2. verbo intransitivo cometer un error de bulto, meter la pata
board
1. sustantivo tablón masculino , tabla femenino ; for game tablero masculino ; for notices tablón masculino ; board (of directors) consejo masculino de administración; on board on plane, boat, train a bordo; take on board comments etc aceptar, tener en cuenta; (fully realize truth of) asumir; across the board de forma general 2. verbo transitivo airplane etc embarcar; train subir a 3. verbo intransitivo of passengers embarcar; board with as lodger hospedarse con
bottleneck
sustantivo in road embotellamiento masculino , atasco masculino ; in production cuello masculino de botella
buddy
coloquial amigo(-a) masculino(femenino) , español colega masculino y femenino coloquial form of address español colega masculino y femenino coloquial Latinoamérica compadre masculino y femenino coloquial
calibre
británico of gun calibre masculino ; a man of his calibre un hombre de su calibre
caller
on phone persona femenino que llama; (visitor) visitante masculino y femenino
camp
1. sustantivo campamento masculino ; make camp acampar; refugee camp campo masculino de refugiados 2. verbo intransitivo acampar
campaigner
defensor(a) masculino(femenino) (for de); a campaigner against racism una persona que hace campaña contra el racismo
can (2)
1. sustantivo for drinks etc lata femenino 2. verbo transitivo (pretérito y participio pasado canned) enlatar
candidate
for position candidato(-a) masculino(femenino) ; in exam candidato(-a) masculino(femenino) , examinando(-a) masculino(femenino)
careless
adjetivo descuidado; you are so careless! ¡qué descuidado eres!
carousel
at airport cinta femenino transportadora de equipajes; for slide projector carro masculino ; (merry-go-round) tiovivo masculino
carpool
sustantivo acuerdo para compartir el vehículo entre varias personas que trabajan en el mismo sitio
carry
1. verbo transitivo (pretérito y participio pasado carried) of person llevar; disease ser portador de; of ship, plane, bus etc transportar; proposal aprobar; get carried away dejarse llevar por la emoción, emocionarse 2. verbo intransitivo (pretérito y participio pasado carried) of sound oírse
carry on
1. verbo intransitivo (continue) seguir, continuar; (make a fuss) organizar un escándalo; (have an affair) tener un lío 2. verbo transitivo (conduct) mantener; business efectuar
cash flow
flujo masculino de caja, cash-flow masculino ; cash flow problems problemas femenino plural de liquidez
casserole
sustantivo meal guiso masculino ; container cacerola femenino , cazuela femenino
catch up on
verbo transitivo catch up on one's sleep recuperar sueño; there's a lot of work to catch up on hay mucho trabajo atrasado
chain-smoke
verbo intransitivo fumar un cigarrillo tras otro, fumar como un carretero
chair
1. sustantivo silla femenino ; (armchair) sillón masculino ; at university cátedra femenino ; the chair (electric chair) la silla eléctrica; at meeting la presidencia; go to the chair ser ejecutado en la silla eléctrica; take the chair ocupar la presidencia 2. verbo transitivo meeting presidir
champion
1. sustantivo deporte campeón(-ona) masculino(femenino) ; of cause abanderado (-a) masculino(femenino) 2. verbo transitivo (cause) abanderar
Chancellor
in Germany canciller masculino ; Chancellor (of the Exchequer) in Britain Ministro(-a) masculino(femenino) de Hacienda
chatter
1. sustantivo cháchara femenino 2. verbo intransitivo talk parlotear; of teeth castañetear
cheat
1. sustantivo (person) tramposo(-a) masculino(femenino) 2. verbo transitivo engañar; cheat someone out of something estafar algo a alguien 3. verbo intransitivo in exam copiar; in cards etc hacer trampa; cheat on one's wife engañar a la esposa
checkbook
Estados Unidos talonario masculino de cheques, Latinoamérica chequera femenino
chronological
adjetivo cronológico; in chronological order en orden cronológico
chunky
adjetivo sweater grueso; person, build cuadrado, fornido
clued-up
adjetivo coloquial puesto coloquial be clued-up on something coloquial estar puesto sobre algo coloquial
desegregate
verbo transitivo acabar con la segregación racial en
desertion
(abandonment) abandono masculino ; milicia deserción femenino
desire
sustantivo deseo masculino ; I have no desire to see him no me apetece verle
despair
1. sustantivo desesperación femenino ; in despair desesperado 2. verbo intransitivo desesperarse; I despair of finding something to wear he perdido la esperanza de encontrar algo para ponerme
deter
verbo transitivo (pretérito y participio pasado deterred) disuadir; deter someone from doing something disuadir a alguien de hacer algo
deterioration
deterioro masculino ; of weather empeoramiento masculino
deterrent
sustantivo elemento masculino disuasorio; act as a deterrent actuar como elemento disuasorio; nuclear deterrent disuasión femenino nuclear
detonate
1. verbo transitivo hacer detonar or explotar 2. verbo intransitivo detonar, explotar
detract from
verbo transitivo achievement quitar méritos a; beauty quitar atractivo a; the bad weather didn't detract from their enjoyment el mal tiempo no impidió que disfrutaran
devastate
verbo transitivo crops, countryside, city devastar; figurado person asolar
develop
1. verbo transitivo film revelar; land, site urbanizar; activity, business desarrollar; (originate) desarrollar; (improve on) perfeccionar; illness, cold contraer 2. verbo intransitivo (grow) desarrollarse; develop into convertirse en
dial
1. sustantivo of clock esfera femenino ; of instrument cuadrante masculino ; telecomunicaciones disco masculino 2. verbo transitivo y verbo intransitivo (pretérito y participio pasado dialed, británico dialled) telecomunicaciones marcar
differentiate
verbo intransitivo diferenciar, distinguir (between entre); differentiate between treat differently establecer diferencias entre
dim
1. adjetivo room oscuro; light tenue; outline borroso, confuso; (stupid) tonto; prospects remoto 2. verbo transitivo (pretérito y participio pasado dimmed): atenuar; dim the headlights poner las luces cortas 3. verbo intransitivo (pretérito y participio pasado dimmed) of lights atenuarse
direction
dirección femenino ; directions to a place indicaciones femenino plural ; (instructions) instrucciones femenino plural ; for medicine posología femenino ; let's ask for directions preguntemos cómo se va; directions for use modo masculino de empleo
disagree with
verbo transitivo of person no estar de acuerdo con, discrepar con; of food sentar mal; lobster disagrees with me la langosta me sienta mal
discouragement
disuasión femenino ; (being disheartened) desánimo masculino , desaliento masculino
disgrace
1. sustantivo vergüenza femenino ; it's a disgrace! ¡qué vergüenza!; in disgrace desacreditado 2. verbo transitivo deshonrar
disgust
1. sustantivo asco masculino , repugnancia femenino ; in disgust asqueado 2. verbo transitivo dar asco, repugnar; I'm disgusted by ... me da asco or me repugna ...
dislike
1. sustantivo antipatía femenino 2. verbo transitivo she dislikes being kept waiting no le gusta que la hagan esperar; I dislike him no me gusta
disposal
eliminación femenino ; I am at your disposal estoy a su disposición; put something at someone's disposal poner algo a disposición de alguien
disruption
of train service alteración femenino ; of meeting, class interrupción femenino
disturb
verbo transitivo (interrupt) molestar; (upset) preocupar; do not disturb no molestar
drain
1. sustantivo pipe sumidero masculino , desagüe masculino ; under street alcantarilla femenino ; a drain on resources una sangría en los recursos 2. verbo transitivo water, vegetables escurrir; land drenar; glass, tank, oil vaciar; person agotar 3. verbo intransitivo of dishes escurrir
drill
1. sustantivo tool taladro masculino ; exercise simulacro masculino ; milicia instrucción femenino 2. verbo transitivo hole taladrar, perforar 3. verbo intransitivo for oil hacer perforaciones; milicia entrenarse
exhaust
1. sustantivo fumes gases masculino plural de la combustión; pipe tubo masculino de escape 2. verbo transitivo (tire) cansar; (use up) agotar
failure
fracaso masculino ; in exam suspenso masculino ; I feel such a failure me siento un fracasado
fancy
1. adjetivo (luxurious) de lujo; (complicated) sofisticado 2. sustantivo as the fancy takes you como te apetezca; take a fancy to someone encapricharse de alguien 3. verbo transitivo (pretérito y participio pasado fancied): do you fancy an ice cream? ¿te apetece un helado?
fit in
1. verbo intransitivo of person in group encajar; it fits in with our plans encaja con nuestros planes 2. verbo transitivo fit someone in into schedule etc hacer un hueco a alguien
fussy
adjetivo person quisquilloso; design etc recargado; be a fussy eater ser un quisquilloso a la hora de comer
gag
1. sustantivo over mouth mordaza femenino ; (joke) chiste masculino 2. verbo transitivo (pretérito y participio pasado gagged) also figurado amordazar
get off
1. verbo intransitivo from bus etc bajarse; (finish work) salir; (not be punished) librarse 2. verbo transitivo (remove) quitar; clothes, hat, footgear quitarse; get off my bike! ¡bájate de mi bici!; get off the grass! ¡no pises la hierba!
give up
1. verbo transitivo smoking etc dejar de; give oneself up to the police entregarse a la policía 2. verbo intransitivo (stop making effort) rendirse; I find it hard to give up me cuesta mucho dejarlo
hearing
oído masculino ; jurisprudencia vista femenino ; his hearing is not so good now ahora ya no oye tan bien; she was within hearing/out of hearing estaba/no estaba lo suficientemente cerca como para oírlo
hitman
asesino masculino a sueldo
hurry up
1. verbo intransitivo darse prisa; hurry up! ¡date prisa! 2. verbo transitivo meter prisa a
ice cream
helado masculino
ice skate
patín masculino de cuchilla
ID
abreviatura (= identity) documentación femenino ; have you got any ID on you? ¿lleva algún tipo de documentación?
idle
1. adjetivo not working desocupado; (lazy) vago; threat vano; machinery inactivo; in an idle moment en un momento libre 2. verbo intransitivo of engine funcionar al ralentí
ignition
in car encendido masculino ; ignition key llave masculino de contacto
imperative
1. adjetivo imprescindible 2. sustantivo gramática imperativo masculino
incapable
] adjetivo incapaz; be incapable of doing something ser incapaz de hacer algo
incorporated
adjetivo comercio ABC Incorporated ABC, sociedad femenino anónima
indifferent
adjetivo indiferente; (mediocre) mediocre; are you totally indifferent to the way I feel? ¿no te importa lo más mínimo lo que sienta yo?
input
1. sustantivo into project etc contribución femenino , aportación femenino ; informática entrada femenino 2. verbo transitivo (pretérito y participio pasado inputted or input) into project contribuir, aportar; informática introducir
intention
intención femenino ; I have no intention of ... (refuse to) no tengo intención de ...
intrigue
1. sustantivo intriga femenino 2. verbo transitivo intrigar; I would be intrigued to know ... tendría curiosidad por saber ...
ISP
abreviatura (= Internet service provider) proveedor masculino de (acceso a) Internet
javelin
(spear) jabalina femenino ; event (lanzamiento masculino de) jabalina femenino
jealously
adverbio celosamente; relating to possessions con envidia
jiffy
coloquial segundo masculino , momento masculino ; in a jiffy en un periquete coloquial
join
1. sustantivo juntura femenino 2. verbo intransitivo of roads, rivers juntarse; (become a member) hacerse socio 3. verbo transitivo (connect) unir; person unirse a; club hacerse socio de; (go to work for) entrar en; of road desembocar en; I'll join you at the theater me reuniré contigo en el teatro
joint
1. sustantivo anatomía articulación femenino ; in woodwork junta femenino ; of meat pieza femenino ; coloquial (place) garito masculino coloquial 2. adjetivo (shared) conjunto
judgement
jurisprudencia fallo masculino ; (opinion) juicio masculino ; an error of judgment una equivocación; he showed good judgment mostró tener criterio; against my better judgment a pesar de no estar convencido; the Last Judgment religión el Juicio Final
jumpy
adjetivo nervioso; get jumpy ponerse nervioso
just
1. adjetivo law, cause justo 2. adverbio (barely) justo; (exactly) justo, justamente; (only) sólo, solamente; have just done something acabar de hacer algo; I've just seen her la acabo de ver; just about (almost) casi; I was just about to leave when ... estaba a punto de salir cuando ...; just like that (abruptly) de repente; just now (at the moment) ahora mismo; I saw her just now (a few moments ago) la acabo de ver; just you wait! ¡ya verás!; just be quiet! ¡cállate de una vez!
keep
1. sustantivo (maintenance) manutención femenino ; for keeps coloquial para siempre 2. verbo transitivo (pretérito y participio pasado kept) guardar; (not lose) conservar; (detain) entretener; family mantener; animals tener, criar; you can keep it (it's for you) te lo puedes quedar; keep trying! ¡sigue intentándolo!; don't keep interrupting! ¡deja de interrumpirme!; keep a promise cumplir una promesa; keep someone company hacer compañía a alguien; keep someone waiting hacer esperar a alguien; he can't keep anything to himself no sabe guardar un secreto; I kept the news of the accident to myself no dije nada sobre el accidente; keep something from someone ocultar algo a alguien; we kept the news from him no le contamos la noticia 3. verbo intransitivo (pretérito y participio pasado kept) of food, milk aguantar, conservarse; keep calm! ¡tranquilízate!; keep quiet! ¡cállate!
keep away
1. verbo intransitivo keep away from that building no te acerques a ese edificio 2. verbo transitivo keep the children away from the stove no dejes que los niños se acerquen a la cocina
killing
sustantivo asesinato masculino
knelt
pretérito y participio pasado ver kneel
know
1. verbo transitivo (pretérito knew, participio pasado known) fact, language, how to do something saber; person, place conocer; (recognize) reconocer; will you let him know that ...? ¿puedes decirle que ...? 2. verbo intransitivo (pretérito knew, participio pasado known) saber; I don't know no (lo) sé; yes, I know sí, lo sé 3. sustantivo people in the know los enterados
landlady
of bar patrona femenino ; of hostel etc dueña femenino ; of rented room casera femenino
late
1. adjetivo the bus is late again el autobús vuelve a llegar tarde; it's late es tarde; it's getting late se está haciendo tarde; of late últimamente, recientemente; the late 19th/20th century la última parte del siglo XIX/XX; in the late 19th/20th century a finales del siglo XIX/XX 2. adverbio arrive, leave tarde
learning curve
curva femenino de aprendizaje; be on the learning curve tener que aprender cosas nuevas
likelihood
probabilidad femenino ; in all likelihood con toda probabilidad
little
1. adjetivo pequeño; the little ones los pequeños 2. sustantivo poco masculino ; the little I know lo poco que sé; a little un poco; a little bread/wine un poco de pan/vino; a little is better than nothing más vale poco que nada 3. adverbio poco; little by little poco a poco; a little better/bigger un poco mejor/más grande; a little before 6 un poco antes de las 6
mainframe
español ordenador masculino central, Latinoamérica computadora femenino central
market
1. sustantivo mercado masculino ; (stock market) bolsa femenino ; on the market en el mercado 2. verbo transitivo comercializar
misinterpretation
mala interpretación femenino
misunderstand
verbo transitivo (pretérito y participio pasado misunderstood) entender mal
Norwegian
1. adjetivo noruego 2. sustantivo person noruego(-a) masculino(femenino) ; language noruego masculino
notice
1. sustantivo on bulletin board, in street cartel masculino , letrero masculino ; (advance warning) aviso masculino ; in newspaper anuncio masculino ; at short notice con poca antelación; until further notice hasta nuevo aviso; give someone his/her notice to quit job despedir a alguien; to leave house comunicar a alguien que tiene que abandonar la casa; hand in one's notice to employer presentar la dimisión; four weeks' notice cuatro semanas de preaviso; take notice of something observar algo, prestar atención a algo; take no notice of someone/something no hacer caso de alguien/algo 2. verbo transitivo notar, fijarse en
omit
verbo transitivo (pretérito y participio pasado omitted) omitir; omit to do something no hacer algo
operator
telecomunicaciones operador(a) masculino(femenino) ; of machine operario(-a) masculino(femenino) ; (tour operator) operador masculino turístico
overhead
1. adjetivo lights, railway elevado 2. sustantivo finanzas gastos masculino plural generales
overweight
adjetivo con sobrepeso; be overweight estar demasiado gordo
panic
1. sustantivo pánico masculino 2. verbo intransitivo (pretérito y participio pasado panicked) ser presa del pánico; don't panic ¡que no cunda el pánico!
parking lot
estacionamiento masculino , español aparcamiento masculino (al aire libre)
passive
1. adjetivo pasivo 2. sustantivo gramática (voz femenino ) pasiva femenino ; in the passive en pasiva
reward
1. sustantivo recompensa femenino 2. verbo transitivo financially recompensar
throttle
1. sustantivo on motorbike acelerador masculino ; on boat palanca femenino del gas; on motorbike mango masculino del gas 2. verbo transitivo (strangle) estrangular
unpack
1. verbo transitivo deshacer 2. verbo intransitivo deshacer el equipaje
vivid
adjetivo color vivo; memory, imagination vívido
zipper
cremallera femenino
Tuesday, May 5, 2009
Identifying Independent and Dependent Clauses
Connecting dependent and independent clauses.
There are two types of words that can be used as connectors at the beginning of an independent clause: coordinating conjunctions and independent marker words.
Coordinating Conjunction.
The seven coordinating conjunctions used as connecting words at the beginning of an independent clause are and, but, for, or, nor, so, and yet. When the second independent clause in a sentence begins with a coordinating conjunction, a comma is needed before the coordinating conjunction:
Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz, but it was hard to concentrate because of the noise.
Coordinating Conjunctions
The simple, little conjunctions are called coordinating conjunctions (you can click on the words to see specific descriptions of each one)
and
but
or
yet
for
nor
so
some common sentence connectors are: also, consequently, furthemore, however, nevertheless, and therefore, besides, ni addition, still, contrast, otherwise, thus, accordingly.
There are two types of words that can be used as connectors at the beginning of an independent clause: coordinating conjunctions and independent marker words.
Coordinating Conjunction.
The seven coordinating conjunctions used as connecting words at the beginning of an independent clause are and, but, for, or, nor, so, and yet. When the second independent clause in a sentence begins with a coordinating conjunction, a comma is needed before the coordinating conjunction:
Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz, but it was hard to concentrate because of the noise.
Coordinating Conjunctions
The simple, little conjunctions are called coordinating conjunctions (you can click on the words to see specific descriptions of each one)
and
but
or
yet
for
nor
so
some common sentence connectors are: also, consequently, furthemore, however, nevertheless, and therefore, besides, ni addition, still, contrast, otherwise, thus, accordingly.
Tuesday, April 28, 2009
Subordinators
Subordinators have an interesting effect on words in a sentence.
A clause (S +V) without a subordinator can stand alone as a complete statement.
I went to the store yesterday. (Complete statement)
However, when a subordinator is added, the statement seems incomplete.
When I went to the store yesterday. (Well, what happened?)
The subordinating clause becomes dependent on something else to complete its meaning:
When I went to the store yesterday, I saw an old friend. (Idea is complete)
Subordinating or “dependent” clauses can occur at the beginning or end of a sentence. When used at the beginning of a sentence, a comma is necessary after the clause itself.
S + V although S + V
Although S + V , S + V
In English, the subordinator always comes before the subject and verb in a clause.
I went to the grocery store after, I stopped at the bank. (Incorrect)
After I went to the grocery store, I stopped at the bank. (Correct)
Subordinators and coordinators should not be used in the same sentence to introduce clauses. Choose one or the other, but do not use both together.
Although Nina won the prize, but she was not happy. (Wrong)
Although Nina won the prize, she was not happy. (Correct)
Nina won the prize, but she was not happy. (Also correct)
The most common subordinators are:
although, even though, because, since*, so that,when, while, before*, after*, whenever, wherever, anywhere, if, unless, whether…[or not]as, as [adjective] as, whereas.
A clause (S +V) without a subordinator can stand alone as a complete statement.
I went to the store yesterday. (Complete statement)
However, when a subordinator is added, the statement seems incomplete.
When I went to the store yesterday. (Well, what happened?)
The subordinating clause becomes dependent on something else to complete its meaning:
When I went to the store yesterday, I saw an old friend. (Idea is complete)
Subordinating or “dependent” clauses can occur at the beginning or end of a sentence. When used at the beginning of a sentence, a comma is necessary after the clause itself.
S + V although S + V
Although S + V , S + V
In English, the subordinator always comes before the subject and verb in a clause.
I went to the grocery store after, I stopped at the bank. (Incorrect)
After I went to the grocery store, I stopped at the bank. (Correct)
Subordinators and coordinators should not be used in the same sentence to introduce clauses. Choose one or the other, but do not use both together.
Although Nina won the prize, but she was not happy. (Wrong)
Although Nina won the prize, she was not happy. (Correct)
Nina won the prize, but she was not happy. (Also correct)
The most common subordinators are:
although, even though, because, since*, so that,when, while, before*, after*, whenever, wherever, anywhere, if, unless, whether…[or not]as, as [adjective] as, whereas.
Dependent clause
A dependent clause (also embedded clause, subordinate clause) cannot stand alone as a sentence. In itself, a dependent clause does not express a complete thought; therefore, it is usually attached to an independent clause. Although a dependent clause contains a subject and a predicate, it sounds incomplete when standing alone. Some grammarians use the term subordinate clause as a synonym for dependent clause, but in the majority of grammars, subordinate clause refers only to adverbial dependent clauses.
A noun clause can be used the same way as a noun. It can be a subject, predicate nominative, direct object, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition. Some of the words that introduce noun clauses are that, whether, who, why, whom, what, how, when, whoever, where, and whomever. Notice that some of these words also introduce adjective and adverbial clauses. To check whether a clause is a noun clause, try substituting the appropriate pronoun (he, she, it, or they).
Examples:
I know who said that. (I know it.)
Whoever said it is wrong. (He is wrong.)
Sometimes a noun clause is used without the introductory word.
Example:
I know that he is here.
I know he is here. (without "that")
Adjective clause
An adjective clause—also called an adjectival or relative clause—will meet three requirements. First, it will contain a subject and verb. Next, it will begin with a relative pronoun [who, whom, whose, that, or which] or a relative adverb [when, where, or why]. Finally, it will function as an adjective, answering questions such as: What kind? How many? or Which one?
The adjective clause will follow one of these two patterns:
Relative Pronoun [or Relative Adverb] + Subject + Verb = Incomplete Thought
Relative Pronoun [Functioning as Subject] + Verb = Incomplete Thought
Non-finite dependent clauses
Dependent clauses may be headed by an infinitive or other non-finite verb form, which in linguistics is called deranked. In these cases, the subject of the dependent clause may take a non-nominative form.
Examples:
I want him to vanish.
I saw you wandering around.
Dependent clauses are classified further into:
-Noun clause
-Adverbial clause
-Adjective clause
Noun clause
A noun clause can be used the same way as a noun. It can be a subject, predicate nominative, direct object, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition. Some of the words that introduce noun clauses are that, whether, who, why, whom, what, how, when, whoever, where, and whomever. Notice that some of these words also introduce adjective and adverbial clauses. To check whether a clause is a noun clause, try substituting the appropriate pronoun (he, she, it, or they).
Examples:
I know who said that. (I know it.)
Whoever said it is wrong. (He is wrong.)
Sometimes a noun clause is used without the introductory word.
Example:
I know that he is here.
I know he is here. (without "that")
Adjective clause
An adjective clause—also called an adjectival or relative clause—will meet three requirements. First, it will contain a subject and verb. Next, it will begin with a relative pronoun [who, whom, whose, that, or which] or a relative adverb [when, where, or why]. Finally, it will function as an adjective, answering questions such as: What kind? How many? or Which one?
The adjective clause will follow one of these two patterns:
Relative Pronoun [or Relative Adverb] + Subject + Verb = Incomplete Thought
Relative Pronoun [Functioning as Subject] + Verb = Incomplete Thought
Non-finite dependent clauses
Dependent clauses may be headed by an infinitive or other non-finite verb form, which in linguistics is called deranked. In these cases, the subject of the dependent clause may take a non-nominative form.
Examples:
I want him to vanish.
I saw you wandering around.
Independent Clause
An independent clause (or main clause, matrix clause) is a clause that can stand by itself as a grammatically viable simple sentence. Independent clauses express a complete thought and contain a subject and a predicate. Multiple independent clauses can be joined by using a semicolon or a comma plus a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so).
Examples
I love dogs. Sentence
I drive a bus. Simple Sentence
I am a bus driver, and my wife is a lawyer. (Compound sentence made up of two independent clauses: I am a bus driver and my wife is a lawyer)
I want to be an astronaut, but I need to receive my Astronaut Badge. (Compound sentence made up of two independent clauses: I want to be an astronaut and I need to receive my Astronaut Badge)
Go to the store, and get me a carton of milk. (Compound sentence) (Though a subject is not visible, in English the subject of an imperative is considered to be the pronoun 'you')
Examples
I love dogs. Sentence
I drive a bus. Simple Sentence
I am a bus driver, and my wife is a lawyer. (Compound sentence made up of two independent clauses: I am a bus driver and my wife is a lawyer)
I want to be an astronaut, but I need to receive my Astronaut Badge. (Compound sentence made up of two independent clauses: I want to be an astronaut and I need to receive my Astronaut Badge)
Go to the store, and get me a carton of milk. (Compound sentence) (Though a subject is not visible, in English the subject of an imperative is considered to be the pronoun 'you')
The Clause
What is a clause?
Definition
A clause is a grammatical unit that
Includes, at minimum, a predicate and an explicit or implied subject, and
expresses a proportion.
Examples (English)
The following example sentence contains two clauses:
It is cold, although the sun is shining.
The main clause is it is cold and the subordinate clause is although the sun is shining.
Kinds
Here are some kinds of clauses:
What is an adverbial clause?
What is a coordinate clause?
What is an equative clause?
What is an existential clause?
What is a final clause?
What is a finite clause?
What is a main clause?
What is a marking clause?
What is a medial clause?
What is a nominal clause?
What is a nonfinite clause?
What is a reference clause?
What is a relative clause?
What is a subordinate clause?
Definition
A clause is a grammatical unit that
Includes, at minimum, a predicate and an explicit or implied subject, and
expresses a proportion.
Examples (English)
The following example sentence contains two clauses:
It is cold, although the sun is shining.
The main clause is it is cold and the subordinate clause is although the sun is shining.
Kinds
Here are some kinds of clauses:
What is an adverbial clause?
What is a coordinate clause?
What is an equative clause?
What is an existential clause?
What is a final clause?
What is a finite clause?
What is a main clause?
What is a marking clause?
What is a medial clause?
What is a nominal clause?
What is a nonfinite clause?
What is a reference clause?
What is a relative clause?
What is a subordinate clause?
Unit II
What Is A Sentence?.
A sentence is a grammatical unit that is composed of one or more clauses.
Kinds Of Sentences
Declarative: A declarative sentence makes a statement. This kind of sentence ends with a period
Interrogative: An interrogative sentence asks a question. This type of sentence ends with a question mark(?).
Exclamatoty: An exclamatory sentence shows strong feeling. This type of sentence ends with a exclamarion mark(!).
Imperative: An imperative sentence gives a command.
A sentence is a grammatical unit that is composed of one or more clauses.
Kinds Of Sentences
Declarative: A declarative sentence makes a statement. This kind of sentence ends with a period
Interrogative: An interrogative sentence asks a question. This type of sentence ends with a question mark(?).
Exclamatoty: An exclamatory sentence shows strong feeling. This type of sentence ends with a exclamarion mark(!).
Imperative: An imperative sentence gives a command.
Reading Strategies
Methods used in reading to determine the meaning of a text.
Annolighting This active reading strategy links concept of highlighting key words and phrases in a text and annotating those highlights with marginal notes.
Annotating Annotating a text is an effective strategy to promote active and critical reading skills; this strategy provides a number useful acronyms that students can use to remember different elements of writer's craft when reading and annotating a text.
AnticipationGuide Anticipation guides are typically used as a pre-reading strategy and help to engage students in thought and discussion about ideas and concepts that they will encounter in the text.
Checking out the Framework This strategy provides students with suggestions for previewing texts of different genre in order to read strategically based on their purposes for reading the text.
Collaborative Annotation This strategy engages students in a process of co-constructing their interpretations of a text through a collaborative annotation activity.
ConversationsAcross Time This reading strategy helps students to develop deeper insights by making connections between and across texts from different time periods in response to a common topic, theme, or essential question.
Dense QuestioningThe dense questioning strategy can be used to help students pose increasingly dense questions as they make text-to-text, text-to-self, text-to-world connections.
Frame of Reference The frame of reference strategy teaches students how to create a mental context for reading a passage; this is accomplished by helping students to consider what they know about a topic and how they know what they know.
InferentialReading The inferential reading strategy provides a list of the various types of inferences that readers make while reading even seemingly straightforward text; recognizing that there are different types of inferences helps students to analyze text more consciously and strategically.
InteractiveNotebook This highly adaptable strategy encourages students to use a two-column note-taking strategy. In the right column, they take notes to synthesize essential ideas and information from a text, presentation, film etc.; in the left-hand column, they interact with the content in any way they choose (personal connections, illustrations, etc.).
Key Concept Synthesis The key concept synthesis strategy helps students to identify the most important ideas in a text, put those ideas into their own words, and then make connections between among these important ideas
Listening to Voice This strategy helps students to analyze and interpret writer's voice through the annotation of a passage, with particular emphasis on dictions, tone, syntax, unity, coherence, and audience.
Metaphor Analysis This adaptable strategy teaches students how to analyze a complex metaphor and substantiate interpretive claims using textual evidence.
ParallelNote-taking The parallel note-taking strategy teaches students to recognize different organizational patterns for informational texts and then develop a note-taking strategy that parallels the organization of the text.
QAR:Question-Answer Relationships The QAR strategy helps students to identify the four Question-Answer Relationships that they are likely to encounter as they read texts and attempt to answer questions about what they have read. These include "right there" questions, "think and search" questions, "author and you" questions, and "on my own" questions.
Questions Only The questions only strategy teaches students how to pose questions about the texts they are reading and encourages them to read actively as they work to answer the questions they have posed.
RAFT This is a flexible post-reading strategy that helps students to analyze and reflect upon their reading through persona writing. Based on suggestions provided by the teacher or generated by the class, students choose a Role, an Audience, a Format, and a Topic on which to write in response to their reading.
ReciprocalTeaching The reciprocal teaching strategy enables students to activate four different comprehension strategies - predicting, questioning, clarifying, summarizing - which they apply collaboratively to help each other understand a text they are reading.
Sociograms A sociogram is a visual representation of the relationships among characters in a literary text. Students can make use of pictures, symbols, shapes, colors, and line styles to illustrate these relationships, to understand the traits of each character, and to analyze the emerging primary and secondary conflicts.
Think Aloud Skillful readers unconsciously use a range of strategies to make meaning from text. The think aloud strategy involves modeling these strategies by "thinking aloud" while reading and responding to a text. By making explicit for students what is implicit for more expert readers, it becomes possible for students develop and apply these strategies themselves.
Transactional Reading Journal The name of this reading strategy is inspired by the work of Louise Rosenblatt (1978), who explained reading as a transactional process that occurs between the text and the reader. The Transactional Reading Journal builds on this concept (via Jude Ellis) and provides a flexible framework for engaging students in a process of active and personally meaningful interaction with a text.
Writer's Craft Seminar This reading strategy teaches students how to analyze text through close reading in order to formulate a interpretive thesis that is supported through assertions and textual evidence. Students present their interpretations to the class through a seminar format.
Annolighting This active reading strategy links concept of highlighting key words and phrases in a text and annotating those highlights with marginal notes.
Annotating Annotating a text is an effective strategy to promote active and critical reading skills; this strategy provides a number useful acronyms that students can use to remember different elements of writer's craft when reading and annotating a text.
AnticipationGuide Anticipation guides are typically used as a pre-reading strategy and help to engage students in thought and discussion about ideas and concepts that they will encounter in the text.
Checking out the Framework This strategy provides students with suggestions for previewing texts of different genre in order to read strategically based on their purposes for reading the text.
Collaborative Annotation This strategy engages students in a process of co-constructing their interpretations of a text through a collaborative annotation activity.
ConversationsAcross Time This reading strategy helps students to develop deeper insights by making connections between and across texts from different time periods in response to a common topic, theme, or essential question.
Dense QuestioningThe dense questioning strategy can be used to help students pose increasingly dense questions as they make text-to-text, text-to-self, text-to-world connections.
Frame of Reference The frame of reference strategy teaches students how to create a mental context for reading a passage; this is accomplished by helping students to consider what they know about a topic and how they know what they know.
InferentialReading The inferential reading strategy provides a list of the various types of inferences that readers make while reading even seemingly straightforward text; recognizing that there are different types of inferences helps students to analyze text more consciously and strategically.
InteractiveNotebook This highly adaptable strategy encourages students to use a two-column note-taking strategy. In the right column, they take notes to synthesize essential ideas and information from a text, presentation, film etc.; in the left-hand column, they interact with the content in any way they choose (personal connections, illustrations, etc.).
Key Concept Synthesis The key concept synthesis strategy helps students to identify the most important ideas in a text, put those ideas into their own words, and then make connections between among these important ideas
Listening to Voice This strategy helps students to analyze and interpret writer's voice through the annotation of a passage, with particular emphasis on dictions, tone, syntax, unity, coherence, and audience.
Metaphor Analysis This adaptable strategy teaches students how to analyze a complex metaphor and substantiate interpretive claims using textual evidence.
ParallelNote-taking The parallel note-taking strategy teaches students to recognize different organizational patterns for informational texts and then develop a note-taking strategy that parallels the organization of the text.
QAR:Question-Answer Relationships The QAR strategy helps students to identify the four Question-Answer Relationships that they are likely to encounter as they read texts and attempt to answer questions about what they have read. These include "right there" questions, "think and search" questions, "author and you" questions, and "on my own" questions.
Questions Only The questions only strategy teaches students how to pose questions about the texts they are reading and encourages them to read actively as they work to answer the questions they have posed.
RAFT This is a flexible post-reading strategy that helps students to analyze and reflect upon their reading through persona writing. Based on suggestions provided by the teacher or generated by the class, students choose a Role, an Audience, a Format, and a Topic on which to write in response to their reading.
ReciprocalTeaching The reciprocal teaching strategy enables students to activate four different comprehension strategies - predicting, questioning, clarifying, summarizing - which they apply collaboratively to help each other understand a text they are reading.
Sociograms A sociogram is a visual representation of the relationships among characters in a literary text. Students can make use of pictures, symbols, shapes, colors, and line styles to illustrate these relationships, to understand the traits of each character, and to analyze the emerging primary and secondary conflicts.
Think Aloud Skillful readers unconsciously use a range of strategies to make meaning from text. The think aloud strategy involves modeling these strategies by "thinking aloud" while reading and responding to a text. By making explicit for students what is implicit for more expert readers, it becomes possible for students develop and apply these strategies themselves.
Transactional Reading Journal The name of this reading strategy is inspired by the work of Louise Rosenblatt (1978), who explained reading as a transactional process that occurs between the text and the reader. The Transactional Reading Journal builds on this concept (via Jude Ellis) and provides a flexible framework for engaging students in a process of active and personally meaningful interaction with a text.
Writer's Craft Seminar This reading strategy teaches students how to analyze text through close reading in order to formulate a interpretive thesis that is supported through assertions and textual evidence. Students present their interpretations to the class through a seminar format.
Postmodifier
A modifier which is placed after its head (thus a function at phrase level). The term 'postmodifier' is most often associated with noun phrases, but can also apply to adjective phrases and adverb phrases. Postmodifiers of nouns may be realized as prepositional phrases (man of the year, ticket to London), as relative clauses (a man who wants a wife, a ticket that cost a fortune), as participle clauses (the man observed near the scene of the crime , the man lurking in the background), or occasionally, a postposed adjective (the man responsible, the tickets available ).
Premodifier
A modifier placed in front of its head. A premodifier in a noun phrase is typically realized as an adjective, and denotes a quality/property of the head. Examples: the red apple, a definite answer, her impressive performance, X-rated films. Premodifiers of nouns can also be realized as nouns, and sometimes as phrases.
Determiners
A determiner is a noun modifier that expresses the reference of a noun or noun phrase, including quantity, rather than its attributes as expressed by adjectives. This word class, or part of speech, is defined in some languages, including English, though most English dictionaries still classify determiners under other parts of speech. Determiners usually include articles, and may include items like demonstratives, possessive determiners, quantifiers, and cardinal numbers, depending on the language.
English determiners
Determiners, in English, form a closed class of words that number (exclusive of cardinal numerals) about 50 and include:
Articles: a, an, the
Demonstratives: this, that, these, those, which, etc.
Quantifiers: all, few, many, several, some, every, each, any, no, etc.
Cardinal Numbers: one, two, fifty, etc. Possessive determiners (also known by several other names, including "possessive adjectives" and "possessive pronouns"): my, your, his, etc. Personal Determiners: we teachers, you guys
Universal Determiners: all, both
Distributive Determiners: each, every
Existential Determiners: some, any
Disjunctive Determiners: either, neither
Negative Determiners: no
Alternative-additive Determiners: another Positive Paucal Determiners: a few, a little, several.
Pre-determiners: a type of determiner that can come before a noun with no interceding preposition.
Examples: all, both, half.
Degree Determiners: many, much, few, little.
Sufficiency Determiners: enough, sufficient
Interrogative and Relative Determiners: which, what, whichever, whatever
The Noun Group
Noun Group
A noun group can contain:
- Determiners
- Premodifiers
- Postmodifiers
Unit I
Word Formation
The basic part of any word is the root; to it, you can add a prefix at the beginning and/or a suffix at the end to change the meaning. For example, in the word "unflattering," the root is simply "flatter," while the prefix "un-" makes the word negative, and the suffix "-ing" changes it from a verb into an adjetive(specifically, a participe).
English itself does not use prefixes as heavily as it once did, but many English words come from Latin, which uses prefixes and suffixes (you can use the word affix to refer either to a prefix or a suffix) quite extensively. For example, the words "prefix," "suffix," and "affix" themselves are all formed from "fix" by the use of prefixes:
"ad" (to) + "fix" (attached) = "affix"
"pre" (before) + "fix" = "prefix"
"sub" (under) + "fix" = "suffix"
English itself does not use prefixes as heavily as it once did, but many English words come from Latin, which uses prefixes and suffixes (you can use the word affix to refer either to a prefix or a suffix) quite extensively. For example, the words "prefix," "suffix," and "affix" themselves are all formed from "fix" by the use of prefixes:
"ad" (to) + "fix" (attached) = "affix"
"pre" (before) + "fix" = "prefix"
"sub" (under) + "fix" = "suffix"
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